月: 2019年3月

ローカルアカウントからMicrosoftアカウントに切り替え

https://answers.microsoft.com/ja-jp/windows/forum/windows_8-security/%e3%83%ad%e3%83%bc%e3%82%ab%e3%83%ab%e3%82%a2/c12dcd31-a550-46ec-afd4-d9771558c7b9?messageId=5f1641f2-ed27-493e-be4b-3fd19b606a6e

https://answers.microsoft.com/ja-jp/windows/forum/all/microsoft%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3/3d531e7f-42a8-47ce-ad3c-d71d52b96bc4

https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-security/another-user-on-this-device-uses-this-microsoft/3920bd03-bc04-40e3-b51e-9ceabe7a5842?page=2

切り替えようとしたが、すぐにはできなかった。日本語での情報に乏しいので英語で検索したら、それっぽいのが見つかった。regeditで
HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-18\Software\Microsoft\IdentityCRL\StoredIdentities\にあるメールアドレスを消すと良いらしい。しかし、これをやっても駄目だった。netplwizを開いて、詳細の詳細を出して、ユーザーの一覧を表示させたところ、Microsoftアカウントでセットアップするとデフォルトで設定されるユーザー名のユーザーが存在していたので消した。そしたら、切り替えができるようになった

F2FSを測ってみた

新しいmicroSDに容量15GB程度のパーティション切って、ext4かF2FSでフォーマットした。USBのmicroSDリーダーを使い、Raspberry Pi 3上のarchlinux armでfioを実行した。結果は以下の通り。

結果

ext4

  1. IOPS=337, BW=1350KiB/s
  2. IOPS=348, BW=1392KiB/s

F2FS

  1. IOPS=695, BW=2781KiB/s
  2. IOPS=644, BW=2579KiB/s
[akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
 mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
 Creating filesystem with 3786752 4k blocks and 948416 inodes
 Filesystem UUID: db43a860-db0f-40dd-8aac-f8c6b978dd60
 Superblock backups stored on blocks:
         32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208
 Allocating group tables: done
 Writing inode tables: done
 Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ mount /dev/sda2 mountpoint/
 mount: only root can do that
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo mount /dev/sda2 mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ cd mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=1000M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 file1: Laying out IO file (1 file / 1000MiB)
 Jobs: 16 (f=16): [w(16)][100.0%][w=664KiB/s][w=166 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=2528: Mon Mar 11 15:49:01 2019
   write: IOPS=337, BW=1350KiB/s (1382kB/s)(26.4MiB/20034msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=1185, max=1532.3k, avg=47337.89, stdev=86609.63
      lat (usec): min=1189, max=1532.3k, avg=47341.86, stdev=86609.70
     clat percentiles (msec):
      |  1.00th=[   28],  5.00th=[   30], 10.00th=[   31], 20.00th=[   31],
      | 30.00th=[   32], 40.00th=[   32], 50.00th=[   33], 60.00th=[   34],
      | 70.00th=[   34], 80.00th=[   35], 90.00th=[   68], 95.00th=[   92],
      | 99.00th=[  326], 99.50th=[  584], 99.90th=[ 1435], 99.95th=[ 1502],
      | 99.99th=[ 1536]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=  127, max= 2064, per=100.00%, avg=1433.52, stdev=37.13, samples=602
    iops        : min=   31, max=  516, avg=357.70, stdev= 9.29, samples=602
   lat (msec)   : 2=0.31%, 4=0.03%, 10=0.04%, 20=0.06%, 50=85.73%
   lat (msec)   : 100=9.35%, 250=2.90%, 500=1.05%, 750=0.07%, 1000=0.09%
   cpu          : usr=0.07%, sys=1.04%, ctx=13585, majf=0, minf=282
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,6761,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=1350KiB/s (1382kB/s), 1350KiB/s-1350KiB/s (1382kB/s-1382kB/s), io=26.4MiB (27.7MB), run=20034-20034msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   sda: ios=0/6961, merge=0/188, ticks=0/24691, in_queue=24620, util=91.29%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=1000M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 Jobs: 16 (f=16): [w(16)][100.0%][w=1212KiB/s][w=303 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=2547: Mon Mar 11 15:49:25 2019
   write: IOPS=348, BW=1392KiB/s (1426kB/s)(27.6MiB/20313msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=1181, max=2296.1k, avg=45784.22, stdev=113933.76
      lat (usec): min=1185, max=2296.1k, avg=45788.25, stdev=113933.93
     clat percentiles (msec):
      |  1.00th=[   22],  5.00th=[   27], 10.00th=[   27], 20.00th=[   28],
      | 30.00th=[   29], 40.00th=[   29], 50.00th=[   29], 60.00th=[   31],
      | 70.00th=[   31], 80.00th=[   32], 90.00th=[   42], 95.00th=[   73],
      | 99.00th=[  489], 99.50th=[  776], 99.90th=[ 1888], 99.95th=[ 2106],
      | 99.99th=[ 2299]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=  128, max= 2327, per=100.00%, avg=1623.82, stdev=40.57, samples=556
    iops        : min=   32, max=  581, avg=405.26, stdev=10.13, samples=556
   lat (msec)   : 2=0.35%, 4=0.11%, 10=0.04%, 20=0.11%, 50=90.14%
   lat (msec)   : 100=5.49%, 250=1.91%, 500=0.86%, 750=0.45%, 1000=0.11%
   cpu          : usr=0.08%, sys=0.46%, ctx=14162, majf=0, minf=305
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,7070,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=1392KiB/s (1426kB/s), 1392KiB/s-1392KiB/s (1426kB/s-1426kB/s), io=27.6MiB (28.0MB), run=20313-20313msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   sda: ios=0/7279, merge=0/8, ticks=0/27596, in_queue=27660, util=96.94%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ cd
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo umount /home/akimasa/mountpoint
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo mkfs.f2fs -f /dev/sda2
     F2FS-tools: mkfs.f2fs Ver: 1.12.0 (2018-11-21)
 Info: Disable heap-based policy
 Info: Debug level = 0
 Info: Trim is enabled
 Info: [/dev/sda2] Disk Model: SD  Transcend
 Info: Segments per section = 1
 Info: Sections per zone = 1
 Info: sector size = 512
 Info: total sectors = 30294016 (14792 MB)
 Info: zone aligned segment0 blkaddr: 512
 Info: format version with
   "Linux version 4.19.25-2-ARCH (builduser@leming) (gcc version 8.2.1 20181127 (GCC)) #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Feb 26 01:20:52 UTC 2019"
 Info: [/dev/sda2] Discarding device
 Info: This device doesn't support BLKSECDISCARD
 Info: This device doesn't support BLKDISCARD
 Info: Overprovision ratio = 1.650%
 Info: Overprovision segments = 248 (GC reserved = 129)
 Info: format successful
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo mount /dev/sda2 mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ cd mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=1000M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 file1: Laying out IO file (1 file / 1000MiB)
 Jobs: 16 (f=16): [w(16)][100.0%][w=1309KiB/s][w=327 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=2588: Mon Mar 11 15:50:39 2019
   write: IOPS=695, BW=2781KiB/s (2848kB/s)(54.4MiB/20021msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=1089, max=422480, avg=22966.77, stdev=15612.63
      lat (usec): min=1093, max=422484, avg=22970.51, stdev=15612.67
     clat percentiles (msec):
      |  1.00th=[   18],  5.00th=[   19], 10.00th=[   19], 20.00th=[   20],
      | 30.00th=[   20], 40.00th=[   21], 50.00th=[   21], 60.00th=[   21],
      | 70.00th=[   21], 80.00th=[   23], 90.00th=[   24], 95.00th=[   40],
      | 99.00th=[   69], 99.50th=[   86], 99.90th=[  300], 99.95th=[  372],
      | 99.99th=[  397]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=  568, max= 3408, per=99.98%, avg=2779.55, stdev=44.26, samples=640
    iops        : min=  142, max=  852, avg=693.95, stdev=11.07, samples=640
   lat (msec)   : 2=0.39%, 4=0.02%, 10=0.01%, 20=37.73%, 50=57.36%
   lat (msec)   : 100=4.10%, 250=0.28%, 500=0.11%
   cpu          : usr=0.12%, sys=0.95%, ctx=27860, majf=0, minf=310
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,13919,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=2781KiB/s (2848kB/s), 2781KiB/s-2781KiB/s (2848kB/s-2848kB/s), io=54.4MiB (57.0MB), run=20021-20021msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   sda: ios=0/13763, merge=0/0, ticks=0/18738, in_queue=18730, util=94.04%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=1000M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 Jobs: 16 (f=16): [w(16)][100.0%][w=2116KiB/s][w=529 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=2607: Mon Mar 11 15:51:04 2019
   write: IOPS=644, BW=2579KiB/s (2641kB/s)(51.4MiB/20388msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=1091, max=855416, avg=24717.84, stdev=36849.00
      lat (usec): min=1095, max=855420, avg=24721.44, stdev=36849.03
     clat percentiles (msec):
      |  1.00th=[   19],  5.00th=[   19], 10.00th=[   19], 20.00th=[   20],
      | 30.00th=[   20], 40.00th=[   21], 50.00th=[   21], 60.00th=[   21],
      | 70.00th=[   22], 80.00th=[   23], 90.00th=[   23], 95.00th=[   25],
      | 99.00th=[  108], 99.50th=[  262], 99.90th=[  592], 99.95th=[  844],
      | 99.99th=[  852]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=  149, max= 3296, per=100.00%, avg=2625.05, stdev=56.50, samples=640
    iops        : min=   35, max=  824, avg=655.40, stdev=14.14, samples=640
   lat (msec)   : 2=0.34%, 4=0.04%, 10=0.04%, 20=37.87%, 50=57.97%
   lat (msec)   : 100=2.59%, 250=0.63%, 500=0.31%, 750=0.13%, 1000=0.08%
   cpu          : usr=0.14%, sys=0.81%, ctx=26326, majf=0, minf=298
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,13147,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=2579KiB/s (2641kB/s), 2579KiB/s-2579KiB/s (2641kB/s-2641kB/s), io=51.4MiB (53.8MB), run=20388-20388msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   sda: ios=0/13141, merge=0/0, ticks=0/19400, in_queue=19470, util=95.13%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$

F2FSの威力を測る（簡易版）

ふと、F2FSだとパフォーマンスが上がるのか？と思ったのでベンチマークしてみた。ext4のファイルシステム上にあるloopファイルでやったので、かなり誤差を含んでいると思う。

ベンチマーク結果

ext4

  1. write: IOPS=652, BW=2612KiB/s
  2. write: IOPS=378, BW=1514KiB/s

F2FS

  1. write: IOPS=1155, BW=4622KiB/s
  2. write: IOPS=675, BW=2703KiB/s
  3. write: IOPS=1180, BW=4721KiB/s
[akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ rm testdisk
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ truncate -s1G testdisk
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ mkfs.ext4 testdisk
 mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
 Discarding device blocks: done
 Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
 Filesystem UUID: 732ef760-3977-4470-8586-cb53b3bcf40d
 Superblock backups stored on blocks:
         32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
 Allocating group tables: done
 Writing inode tables: done
 Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo mount testdisk mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ cd mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=800M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 file1: Laying out IO file (1 file / 800MiB)
 Jobs: 13 (f=13): [w(1),(1),w(4),(1),w(2),(1),w(6)][26.5%][w=12KiB/s][w=3 IOPSJobs: 13 (f=13): [w(1),(1),w(4),(1),w(2),(1),w(6)][27.7%][eta 01m:00s]       Jobs: 11 (f=11): [w(1),(2),w(3),(1),w(2),(1),w(3),(1),w(2)][18.9%][w=7KiB/s]Jobs: 11 (f=11): [w(1),(2),w(3),(1),w(2),(1),w(3),(1),w(2)][19.7%][eta 01m:4Jobs: 11 (f=11): [w(1),(2),w(3),(1),w(2),(1),w(3),(1),w(2)][20.5%][eta 01m:4Jobs: 11 (f=11): [w(1),(2),w(3),(1),w(2),(1),w(3),(1),w(2)][21.3%][eta 01m:4Jobs: 11 (f=11): [w(1),(2),w(3),(1),w(2),(1),w(3),(1),w(2)][22.0%][eta 01m:3Jobs: 6 (f=6): [(5),w(1),(2),w(1),(1),w(3),(2),w(1)][10.9%][w=20KiB/s][w=5 IOPS][eta 03m:57s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=507: Sun Mar 10 21:39:42 2019
   write: IOPS=652, BW=2612KiB/s (2675kB/s)(75.1MiB/29460msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=74, max=10535k, avg=22279.36, stdev=317342.34
      lat (usec): min=76, max=10535k, avg=22281.62, stdev=317342.36
     clat percentiles (msec):
      |  1.00th=[    3],  5.00th=[    3], 10.00th=[    3], 20.00th=[    3],
      | 30.00th=[    3], 40.00th=[    3], 50.00th=[    3], 60.00th=[    3],
      | 70.00th=[    4], 80.00th=[    6], 90.00th=[    6], 95.00th=[    6],
      | 99.00th=[   10], 99.50th=[  651], 99.90th=[ 5403], 99.95th=[ 9463],
      | 99.99th=[10537]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=  160, max=21141, per=100.00%, avg=9711.92, stdev=420.95, samples=254
    iops        : min=   40, max= 5285, avg=2427.36, stdev=105.25, samples=254
   lat (usec)   : 100=0.01%, 250=0.15%, 500=0.18%, 750=0.04%, 1000=0.01%
   lat (msec)   : 4=71.01%, 10=27.64%, 20=0.06%, 50=0.01%, 100=0.09%
   lat (msec)   : 250=0.15%, 500=0.03%, 750=0.17%, 1000=0.01%
   cpu          : usr=0.12%, sys=1.23%, ctx=38554, majf=0, minf=342
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,19237,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=2612KiB/s (2675kB/s), 2612KiB/s-2612KiB/s (2675kB/s-2675kB/s), io=75.1MiB (78.8MB), run=29460-29460msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   loop0: ios=0/19864, merge=0/0, ticks=0/96576, in_queue=81260, util=89.63%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=800M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 Jobs: 14 (f=14): [w(9),(1),w(4),(1),w(1)][37.5%][w=8KiB/s][w=2 IOPS][eta 00m:4Jobs: 14 (f=14): [w(9),(1),w(4),(1),w(1)][38.9%][eta 00m:44s]                 Jobs: 14 (f=14): [w(9),(1),w(4),(1),w(1)][47.2%][eta 00m:38s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=533: Sun Mar 10 21:40:29 2019
   write: IOPS=378, BW=1514KiB/s (1550kB/s)(50.8MiB/34351msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=59, max=15945k, avg=40995.53, stdev=639574.37
      lat (usec): min=60, max=15945k, avg=40998.16, stdev=639574.36
     clat percentiles (usec):
      |  1.00th=[    1123],  5.00th=[    1156], 10.00th=[    1172],
      | 20.00th=[    1205], 30.00th=[    1237], 40.00th=[    1434],
      | 50.00th=[    2212], 60.00th=[    2245], 70.00th=[    2311],
      | 80.00th=[    2376], 90.00th=[    2507], 95.00th=[    2573],
      | 99.00th=[    6063], 99.50th=[  608175], 99.90th=[15904801],
      | 99.95th=[15904801], 99.99th=[15904801]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=  144, max=32681, per=100.00%, avg=12826.52, stdev=835.84, samples=130
    iops        : min=   36, max= 8168, avg=3205.88, stdev=208.95, samples=130
   lat (usec)   : 100=0.12%, 250=0.56%, 500=0.07%, 750=0.01%
   lat (msec)   : 2=42.50%, 4=55.51%, 10=0.35%, 20=0.21%, 50=0.05%
   lat (msec)   : 750=0.15%
   cpu          : usr=0.06%, sys=0.26%, ctx=25993, majf=0, minf=331
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,12999,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=1514KiB/s (1550kB/s), 1514KiB/s-1514KiB/s (1550kB/s-1550kB/s), io=50.8MiB (53.2MB), run=34351-34351msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   loop0: ios=0/12999, merge=0/0, ticks=0/63750, in_queue=67480, util=97.72%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ cd
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo umount /home/akimasa/mountpoint
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ mkfs.f2fs -f testdisk
     F2FS-tools: mkfs.f2fs Ver: 1.12.0 (2018-11-21)
 Info: Disable heap-based policy
 Info: Debug level = 0
 Info: Trim is enabled
 Info: Segments per section = 1
 Info: Sections per zone = 1
 Info: sector size = 512
 Info: total sectors = 2097152 (1024 MB)
 Info: zone aligned segment0 blkaddr: 512
 Info: format version with
   "Linux version 4.19.25-2-ARCH (builduser@leming) (gcc version 8.2.1 20181127 (GCC)) #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Feb 26 01:20:52 UTC 2019"
 Info: [testdisk] Discarding device
 Info: Overprovision ratio = 6.360%
 Info: Overprovision segments = 68 (GC reserved = 39)
 Info: format successful
 (reverse-i-search)`s': gst-launch-1.0 souphttpsrc location="http://192.168.0.9:40772/api/channels/GR/27/services/1024/stream" ! queue ! t^Cemux ! queue ! faad ! queue ! audioconvert ! audioresample ! queue ! opusenc ! oggmux ! tcpserversink port=10000 host=192.168.0.25
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo mount testdisk mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ cd mountpoint/
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=800M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 file1: Laying out IO file (1 file / 800MiB)
 Jobs: 16 (f=16): [w(16)][0.9%][eta 46m:07s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=571: Sun Mar 10 21:41:53 2019
   write: IOPS=1155, BW=4622KiB/s (4733kB/s)(120MiB/26665msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=62, max=12800k, avg=13822.79, stdev=374463.88
      lat (usec): min=63, max=12800k, avg=13825.05, stdev=374463.89
     clat percentiles (usec):
      |  1.00th=[     163],  5.00th=[    1188], 10.00th=[    1205],
      | 20.00th=[    1221], 30.00th=[    1237], 40.00th=[    1270],
      | 50.00th=[    1319], 60.00th=[    1418], 70.00th=[    2343],
      | 80.00th=[    2442], 90.00th=[    2573], 95.00th=[    2671],
      | 99.00th=[    2999], 99.50th=[    4817], 99.90th=[10267657],
      | 99.95th=[12817794], 99.99th=[12817794]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=  398, max=43200, per=100.00%, avg=27369.00, stdev=856.03, samples=144
    iops        : min=   98, max=10800, avg=6841.78, stdev=214.04, samples=144
   lat (usec)   : 100=0.72%, 250=0.45%, 500=0.05%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
   lat (msec)   : 2=64.20%, 4=33.95%, 10=0.40%, 50=0.05%, 250=0.05%
   cpu          : usr=0.18%, sys=0.72%, ctx=61631, majf=0, minf=478
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,30809,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=4622KiB/s (4733kB/s), 4622KiB/s-4622KiB/s (4733kB/s-4733kB/s), io=120MiB (126MB), run=26665-26665msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   loop0: ios=0/30793, merge=0/0, ticks=0/12368, in_queue=25030, util=93.83%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=800M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 Jobs: 16 (f=16): [w(16)][0.5%][eta 01h:19m:15s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=591: Sun Mar 10 21:42:23 2019
   write: IOPS=675, BW=2703KiB/s (2768kB/s)(59.3MiB/22466msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=59, max=20792k, avg=23623.54, stdev=673819.89
      lat (usec): min=61, max=20792k, avg=23626.06, stdev=673819.87
     clat percentiles (usec):
      |  1.00th=[    1074],  5.00th=[    1106], 10.00th=[    1123],
      | 20.00th=[    1139], 30.00th=[    1156], 40.00th=[    1205],
      | 50.00th=[    1418], 60.00th=[    2180], 70.00th=[    2245],
      | 80.00th=[    2311], 90.00th=[    2442], 95.00th=[    2540],
      | 99.00th=[    2835], 99.50th=[    3425], 99.90th=[17112761],
      | 99.95th=[17112761], 99.99th=[17112761]
    bw (  KiB/s): min=10432, max=42238, per=100.00%, avg=30327.00, stdev=753.64, samples=64
    iops        : min= 2608, max=10558, avg=7581.00, stdev=188.38, samples=64
   lat (usec)   : 100=0.14%, 250=0.47%, 500=0.05%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
   lat (msec)   : 2=51.43%, 4=47.53%, 10=0.26%
   cpu          : usr=0.10%, sys=0.43%, ctx=30358, majf=0, minf=319
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,15183,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=2703KiB/s (2768kB/s), 2703KiB/s-2703KiB/s (2768kB/s-2768kB/s), io=59.3MiB (62.2MB), run=22466-22466msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   loop0: ios=0/15177, merge=0/0, ticks=0/32370, in_queue=32390, util=95.38%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ sudo fio -filename=./testtmp -direct=1 -rw=randwrite -bs=4k -size=800M -numjobs=16 -runtime=20 -group_reporting -name=file1
 file1: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=psync, iodepth=1
 …
 fio-3.13
 Starting 16 processes
 Jobs: 16 (f=16): [w(16)][1.0%][eta 44m:38s]
 file1: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=610: Sun Mar 10 21:42:57 2019
   write: IOPS=1180, BW=4721KiB/s (4834kB/s)(124MiB/26802msec); 0 zone resets
     clat (usec): min=61, max=11993k, avg=13529.91, stdev=358536.31
      lat (usec): min=62, max=11993k, avg=13532.38, stdev=358536.32
     clat percentiles (usec):
      |  1.00th=[    1045],  5.00th=[    1074], 10.00th=[    1106],
      | 20.00th=[    1139], 30.00th=[    1156], 40.00th=[    1221],
      | 50.00th=[    2008], 60.00th=[    2212], 70.00th=[    2278],
      | 80.00th=[    2343], 90.00th=[    2442], 95.00th=[    2540],
      | 99.00th=[    2868], 99.50th=[    3458], 99.90th=[10536092],
      | 99.95th=[12012487], 99.99th=[12012487]
    bw (  KiB/s): min= 4896, max=46156, per=100.00%, avg=25290.80, stdev=934.24, samples=160
    iops        : min= 1224, max=11538, avg=6322.20, stdev=233.59, samples=160
   lat (usec)   : 100=0.17%, 250=0.30%, 500=0.03%, 750=0.01%
   lat (msec)   : 2=49.50%, 4=49.51%, 10=0.28%, 500=0.10%
   cpu          : usr=0.18%, sys=0.77%, ctx=63277, majf=0, minf=436
   IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
      issued rwts: total=0,31634,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
      latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   WRITE: bw=4721KiB/s (4834kB/s), 4721KiB/s-4721KiB/s (4834kB/s-4834kB/s), io=124MiB (130MB), run=26802-26802msec
 Disk stats (read/write):
   loop0: ios=0/31618, merge=0/0, ticks=0/14719, in_queue=25080, util=93.89%
 [akimasa@alarmpi mountpoint]$ cd
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$ sudo umount /home/akimasa/mountpoint
 [akimasa@alarmpi ~]$

Windows 10 OEMキーは使えない

GPU-Zの配布元のtechpowerupやGuru3Dで紹介されていたので、大丈夫だろうと思っていたら、大丈夫じゃなかった。

ライセンス認証は問題なく通るかもしれないが、詳しく調べるとVolume License Keyで少なくとも日本ではライセンス違反になり、合法的に使えないキーが手に入ることになる。

マイクロソフトに問い合わせ（1度目）

フリーダイヤルの技術サポート窓口で、Windows->ライセンス認証->その他の問い合わせを行う。ボリュームライセンスキーを売られた疑いがあるので調べてほしいと伝えた。担当者がさらに詳しい人に聞いているためか、数分時間がかかった。結果、ボリュームライセンスキーだと確認できた。個人で使うとライセンス違反になると伝えられた。

逸般的な誤家庭で個人でVolume LicenseつかってSoftware Assuranceを購入した経験があるのでライセンス違反の疑いがあると理解ができた。VLキーが単体で販売されるわけがない。OEMを一時期のWindows 8のDSP版の仕様だろうと都合よく解釈してしまったが、違ったようだ。昔のDSP版はMicrosoftによるサポートが無い（代わりに販売店がサポートを提供することになっている）単体のWindowsとして販売されていた。あと、OEM=DSPだと思っていたのも敗因の一つか。

urcdkeyに問い合わせ （1度目）

ライセンス違反で使えない的なことを伝えたら、すぐに再発行された。（ライセンス認証が通らないと向こうは受け取ったのかもしれない）

マイクロソフトに問い合わせ（2度目）

先ほどと同じくその他の問い合わせにつなぎ、先ほどの問い合わせ終了時に受け取った受付番号を伝えた。記録としてはライセンスキーに関する問い合わせとしか残っていないらしいので、再び説明する。そして、ライセンスキーを伝えたら、有効なキーとすぐに分かったが、VLキーかどうかは不明なので、調べてもらう。数分後、やはりVLキーだと判明する。教育機関や学校向けとか言っていた気がする。urcdkeyでの問い合わせは原則スクリーンショットが必要なので、メールでライセンス違反だと説明する文章を送ってくれないか頼んでみたが、ダメだった。

urcdkeyに問い合わせ （2度目）

日本で合法的に使えないキーで、返金を求めると伝えたら、キーを使ったかどうかだけ聞かれて、使っていないので使ってないと答えた。もう一度キーを（ほかの人に？）売るので12時間後に再び問い合わせると返金が行われるとのことだった。というわけで12時間待っている。

追記：24時間経過したら返金されていた。